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Considered the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Turkey, Iran) is where some of the earliest complex societies developed, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria.
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Renowned for its pyramids, pharaohs, and enduring monuments, Ancient Egypt (present-day Egypt) thrived along the Nile River for over 3,000 years.
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One of the oldest urban civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization (present-day Pakistan, India, Afghanistan) flourished between 3300 and 1300 BCE.
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The birthplace of democracy, philosophy, and theater, Ancient Greece (present-day Greece) left an indelible mark on Western culture.
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Spanning centuries and continents, the Roman Empire (centered in Italy) was a powerful force that left behind a legacy of law, engineering, architecture, and language.
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During the Gupta Empire (present-day India), India experienced a golden age of cultural and scientific achievements.
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From the 7th to the 15th centuries, Islamic civilization flourished in the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia.
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With a rich history spanning millennia, Chinese civilization has made enormous contributions to the world in various fields, including philosophy, literature, technology, and inventions like gunpowder, paper, and the compass.
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The Maya civilization (present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras) was a complex society known for its sophisticated writing system, calendar, and architecture.
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Renowned for their stonework, agriculture, and complex social organization, the Incan Empire (present-day Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina) flourished in the Andes mountains.
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